**Course Title:** Comprehensive Java Programming: From Basics to Advanced Concepts **Section Title:** Packaging, Deployment, and Version Control **Topic:** Package a Java project using Maven/Gradle and deploy it to a local server or cloud platform. (Lab topic) **Objective:** In this lab, you will learn how to package a Java project using Maven and Gradle, and deploy it to a local server or cloud platform. By the end of this lab, you will be able to: * Create a Maven project and understand its structure * Write a `pom.xml` file to manage project dependencies and build process * Create a Gradle project and understand its structure * Write a `build.gradle` file to manage project dependencies and build process * Package a Java project into a JAR or WAR file * Deploy a Java project to a local Tomcat server or a cloud platform like Heroku **Materials Needed:** * Java Development Kit (JDK) 11 or later * Maven 3.6.3 or later (for Maven lab) * Gradle 6.7 or later (for Gradle lab) * Tomcat 9 or later (for local deployment) * Heroku account (for cloud deployment) * Java IDE (Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, or NetBeans) **Lab 1: Packaging a Java Project using Maven** ### Step 1: Create a new Maven project Open a terminal or command prompt and run the following command to create a new Maven project: ```bash mvn archetype:generate -DgroupId=com.example -DartifactId=myproj -DarchetypeArtifactId=maven-archetype-quickstart -DinteractiveMode=false ``` This will create a new directory `myproj` with a basic Maven project structure. ### Step 2: Understand the `pom.xml` file The `pom.xml` file is the project configuration file for Maven. It contains information about the project, such as its dependencies, build process, and plugins. Open the `pom.xml` file in your IDE and examine its contents: ```xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>com.example</groupId> <artifactId>myproj</artifactId> <version>1.0</version> <packaging>jar</packaging> <name>myproj</name> <description>My Project</description> <dependencies> <!-- dependencies will be listed here --> </dependencies> <build> <plugins> <!-- plugins will be listed here --> </plugins> </build> </project> ``` ### Step 3: Add dependencies to the `pom.xml` file Maven uses dependencies to manage the libraries used in your project. For example, to use the Apache Commons Lang library, you would add the following dependency: ```xml <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId> <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId> <version>3.12.0</version> </dependency> ``` ### Step 4: Build and package the project Use the following command to build and package the project: ```bash mvn clean package ``` This will create a JAR file in the `target` directory. **Lab 2: Packaging a Java Project using Gradle** ### Step 1: Create a new Gradle project Open a terminal or command prompt and run the following command to create a new Gradle project: ```bash gradle init --type java-library ``` This will create a new directory `myproj` with a basic Gradle project structure. ### Step 2: Understand the `build.gradle` file The `build.gradle` file is the project configuration file for Gradle. It contains information about the project, such as its dependencies, build process, and plugins. Open the `build.gradle` file in your IDE and examine its contents: ```groovy plugins { id 'java' id 'application' } group 'com.example' version '1.0' repositories { mavenCentral() } dependencies { implementation 'org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.12.0' } ``` ### Step 3: Add dependencies to the `build.gradle` file Gradle uses dependencies to manage the libraries used in your project. For example, to use the Apache Commons Lang library, you would add the following dependency: ```groovy dependencies { implementation 'org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.12.0' } ``` ### Step 4: Build and package the project Use the following command to build and package the project: ```bash gradle build ``` This will create a JAR file in the `build/libs` directory. **Deploying to a Local Tomcat Server** To deploy your Java project to a local Tomcat server, follow these steps: 1. Create a new directory `myproj` in the `tomcat/webapps` directory. 2. Copy the JAR file created in the previous steps to the `myproj` directory. 3. Rename the JAR file to `myproj.war`. 4. Start the Tomcat server using the following command: ```bash tomcat/bin/startup.sh ``` 5. Access your application by navigating to `http://localhost:8080/myproj` in your web browser. **Deploying to a Cloud Platform (Heroku)** To deploy your Java project to Heroku, follow these steps: 1. Create a new Heroku account and install the Heroku CLI. 2. Create a new directory `myproj` and navigate to it in your terminal or command prompt. 3. Run the following command to create a new Heroku app: ```bash heroku create ``` 4. Create a `Procfile` in the root directory of your project with the following contents: ```bash java -jar myproj.jar ``` 5. Create a `pom.xml` file in the root directory of your project with the following contents: ```xml <project> <buildpacks> <buildpack>heroku/jvm</buildpack> </buildpacks> </project> ``` 6. Run the following command to build and deploy the project: ```bash heroku buildpacks:set heroku/jvm heroku apps:release myproj ``` 7. Access your application by navigating to `https://myproj.herokuapp.com` in your web browser. **Conclusion** In this lab, you learned how to package a Java project using Maven and Gradle, and deploy it to a local Tomcat server or a cloud platform like Heroku. You now have the skills to manage your project dependencies, build and package your project, and deploy it to a local or cloud-based server. **What's Next?** In the next lab, you will learn about testing and debugging Java applications using JUnit and Mockito. **Leave a comment/ask for help** If you have any questions or need help with any of the steps in this lab, leave a comment below.