**Course Title:** Comprehensive Java Programming: From Basics to Advanced Concepts **Section Title:** Java Data Types and Operators **Topic:** Write programs that use various data types and operators to perform arithmetic and logical operations. (Lab topic) In this topic, we will put the concepts we've learned about Java data types and operators into practice by writing programs that use various data types and operators to perform arithmetic and logical operations. **Arithmetic Operations** Arithmetic operations in Java are used to perform calculations. The following are the arithmetic operators in Java: | Operator | Meaning | Example | | --- | --- | --- | | `+` | Addition | `a = 5; b = 3; c = a + b;` | | `-` | Subtraction | `a = 5; b = 3; c = a - b;` | | `*` | Multiplication | `a = 5; b = 3; c = a * b;` | | `/` | Division | `a = 5; b = 2; c = a / b;` | | `%` | Modulus (remainder) | `a = 5; b = 2; c = a % b;` | Here is an example program that uses arithmetic operators to calculate the total cost of a purchase: ```java public class ArithmeticOperations { public static void main(String[] args) { int quantity = 3; double price = 9.99; double discount = 0.1; double totalCost = quantity * price; double discountAmount = totalCost * discount; double finalCost = totalCost - discountAmount; System.out.println("Total cost: $" + totalCost); System.out.println("Discount amount: $" + discountAmount); System.out.println("Final cost: $" + finalCost); } } ``` **Logical Operations** Logical operations in Java are used to make decisions based on conditions. The following are the logical operators in Java: | Operator | Meaning | Example | | --- | --- | --- | | `&&` | Logical AND | `x = 5; y = 3; result = x > 0 && y > 0;` | | `||` | Logical OR | `x = 0; y = 3; result = x > 0 || y > 0;` | | `!` | Logical NOT | `x = 5; result = !x > 0;` | Here is an example program that uses logical operators to determine whether a user is eligible for a discount: ```java public class LogicalOperations { public static void main(String[] args) { int age = 25; boolean isStudent = true; boolean isEligibleForDiscount = age < 30 && isStudent; System.out.println("Is eligible for discount: " + isEligibleForDiscount); } } ``` **Bitwise Operations** Bitwise operations in Java are used to perform operations on the individual bits of a number. The following are the bitwise operators in Java: | Operator | Meaning | Example | | --- | --- | --- | | `&` | Bitwise AND | `x = 5; y = 3; result = x & y;` | | `|` | Bitwise OR | `x = 0; y = 3; result = x | y;` | | `^` | Bitwise XOR | `x = 5; y = 3; result = x ^ y;` | | `~` | Bitwise NOT | `x = 5; result = ~x;` | Here is an example program that uses bitwise operators to set and clear bits in a number: ```java public class BitwiseOperations { public static void main(String[] args) { int x = 0x100; // 256 System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(x)); // 100000000 x |= 0x10; // 16 System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(x)); // 100010000 x &= ~0x10; // 16 System.out.println(Integer.toBinaryString(x)); // 100000000 } } ``` **Lab Exercises** Here are some lab exercises to help you practice using data types and operators in Java: 1. Write a program that calculates the area and perimeter of a rectangle. Use the formulae `area = length * width` and `perimeter = 2 * (length + width)`. 2. Write a program that determines whether a number is even or odd. Use the modulo operator to check if the remainder of dividing the number by 2 is 0. 3. Write a program that calculates the sum of all the numbers in an array. Use a `for` loop to iterate through the array and add each number to a running total. **Conclusion** In this topic, we've learned about using various data types and operators to perform arithmetic and logical operations in Java. We've practiced using arithmetic operators to calculate costs and logical operators to make decisions based on conditions. We've also explored bitwise operations to set and clear bits in numbers. I hope this topic has helped you in understanding how to work with data types and operators in Java. If you have any questions or need help with the lab exercises, please feel free to [leave a comment below](#comment-form). **External Resources** * [Oracle Java Documentation: Binary Operators](https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/op2.html) * [W3Schools: Java Operators](https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_operators.asp) **Next Topic:** Conditional statements: if-else, switch-case.