**Course Title:** Kotlin Programming: From Basics to Advanced Techniques **Section Title:** Control Structures and Functions **Topic:** Write Kotlin programs that use control structures and functions to solve problems. ### Lab Objective In this lab, you will practice writing Kotlin programs that utilize control structures (conditional statements and loops) and functions to solve real-world problems. This hands-on experience will help solidify your understanding of these fundamental concepts and prepare you to tackle more complex programming challenges. ### Problem 1: Calculate Grades Create a Kotlin program that calculates a student's grade based on their score. The grading criteria is as follows: - 90-100: A - 80-89: B - 70-79: C - 60-69: D - Below 60: F **Solution:** ```kotlin fun main() { print("Enter your score: ") val score = readLine()!!.toDouble() val grade = getGrade(score) println("Your grade is: $grade") } fun getGrade(score: Double): String { return when (score) { in 90.0..100.0 -> "A" in 80.0..89.9 -> "B" in 70.0..79.9 -> "C" in 60.0..69.9 -> "D" else -> "F" } } ``` ### Problem 2: Find the Smallest Number Write a Kotlin program that finds the smallest number among four given numbers. **Solution:** ```kotlin fun main() { val numbers = listOf(12, 45, 7, 23) val smallestNumber = findSmallestNumber(numbers) println("The smallest number is: $smallestNumber") } fun findSmallestNumber(numbers: List<Int>): Int { var smallest = numbers[0] for (number in numbers) { if (number < smallest) { smallest = number } } return smallest } ``` ### Problem 3:Simulate a Rock-Paper-Scissors Game Create a Kotlin program that simulates a Rock-Paper-Scissors game between two players. **Solution:** ```kotlin fun main() { val player1Choice = getPlayerChoice() val player2Choice = getPlayerChoice() val result = determineWinner(player1Choice, player2Choice) println("Player 1 chose: $player1Choice") println("Player 2 chose: $player2Choice") println("Result: $result") } fun getPlayerChoice(): String { print("Enter your choice (rock/paper/scissors): ") return readLine()!!.toLowerCase() } fun determineWinner(player1Choice: String, player2Choice: String): String { return when { player1Choice == player2Choice -> "It's a tie!" (player1Choice == "rock" && player2Choice == "scissors") || (player1Choice == "paper" && player2Choice == "rock") || (player1Choice == "scissors" && player2Choice == "paper") -> "Player 1 wins!" else -> "Player 2 wins!" } } ``` ### Key Takeaways - Conditional statements (if-else, when) and loops (for, while, do-while) can be used to solve complex problems. - Functions help organize code and make it reusable. - Use functions to encapsulate related logic and improve code readability. ### Additional Resources - [Kotlin Documentation: Control Flow](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/control-flow.html) - [Kotlin Documentation: Functions](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/functions.html) ### Next Steps In the next topic, we will explore the basics of working with collections in Kotlin, including Lists, Sets, and Maps. You can find more information on this topic in the [Kotlin Documentation: Collections](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/collections-overview.html). If you have any questions or need help with the material, please let us know in the comments below.