**Course Title:** SQLite Mastery: Lightweight Database Management **Section Title:** Final Project Preparation and Review **Topic:** Review of key concepts covered throughout the course As we approach the final project, it's essential to review the key concepts covered throughout the course. This topic will serve as a comprehensive review of the SQLite concepts, techniques, and best practices learned so far. We will go through each section of the course, highlighting the most critical points, and providing relevant examples to reinforce your understanding. **Introduction to SQLite and Relational Databases** * Relational databases use tables to store data, with each table having rows and columns. * SQLite is a lightweight, self-contained relational database management system (RDBMS) that can be used for various applications. * Advantages of using SQLite include its ease of use, low resource requirements, and flexibility. Example: Installing SQLite on your local machine and creating a simple database with a table. **Creating and Managing SQLite Databases and Tables** * Understanding data types in SQLite (e.g., INTEGER, TEXT, REAL, BLOB). * Using the `CREATE TABLE` statement to create a table with primary keys and foreign keys. * Modifying the table structure with `ALTER TABLE` and dropping tables with `DROP TABLE`. Example: Creating a table with a primary key and foreign key, then modifying the table structure. ```sql -- Create a table with a primary key and foreign key CREATE TABLE customers ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT NOT NULL, order_id INTEGER, FOREIGN KEY (order_id) REFERENCES orders(id) ); -- Modify the table structure ALTER TABLE customers ADD COLUMN email TEXT; ``` **Basic Data Retrieval and Filtering** * Using the `SELECT` statement to retrieve data from a table. * Filtering data with the `WHERE` clause using conditions like `AND`, `OR`, and `NOT`. * Sorting data with `ORDER BY` and limiting results with `LIMIT` and `OFFSET`. Example: Retrieving a list of customers from a specific region, sorted by name. ```sql -- Retrieve customers from a specific region SELECT * FROM customers WHERE region = 'North' ORDER BY name LIMIT 10; ``` **Aggregate Functions and Grouping Data** * Using aggregate functions like `COUNT`, `SUM`, `AVG`, `MIN`, and `MAX` to calculate data summaries. * Grouping data with `GROUP BY` and filtering grouped data with `HAVING`. Example: Calculating the average order value for each region. ```sql -- Calculate the average order value for each region SELECT region, AVG(order_total) AS avg_order_value FROM orders GROUP BY region; ``` **Working with Multiple Tables: Joins and Relationships** * Understanding table relationships and foreign keys. * Using `INNER JOIN`, `LEFT JOIN`, and `RIGHT JOIN` to combine data from multiple tables. * Combining data from multiple tables with `UNION` and `UNION ALL`. Example: Retrieving customer information with their corresponding order history. ```sql -- Retrieve customer information with their corresponding order history SELECT customers.name, orders.order_total FROM customers INNER JOIN orders ON customers.id = orders.customer_id; ``` **Inserting, Updating, and Deleting Data** * Inserting new data into tables with `INSERT INTO`. * Updating existing records with `UPDATE`. * Deleting records from a table with `DELETE`. Example: Inserting a new customer record, updating their email, and deleting a customer. ```sql -- Insert a new customer record INSERT INTO customers (name, email) VALUES ('John Doe', 'johndoe@example.com'); -- Update the customer's email UPDATE customers SET email = 'john.doe@example.com' WHERE id = 1; -- Delete a customer record DELETE FROM customers WHERE id = 1; ``` **Subqueries and Advanced Data Retrieval** * Understanding subqueries and their use cases. * Writing scalar and table subqueries. * Using subqueries with `SELECT`, `INSERT`, `UPDATE`, and `DELETE`. Example: Retrieving customers with orders that exceed a certain amount. ```sql -- Retrieve customers with orders that exceed a certain amount SELECT * FROM customers WHERE id IN ( SELECT customer_id FROM orders WHERE order_total > 1000 ); ``` **SQLite Database Design and Normalization** * Understanding normalization and normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF). * Designing a well-structured and efficient SQLite database schema. Example: Normalizing a table to eliminate data redundancy. ```sql -- Normalize a table to eliminate data redundancy CREATE TABLE orders ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, customer_id INTEGER, order_date DATE, FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES customers(id) ); CREATE TABLE order_items ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, order_id INTEGER, product_id INTEGER, quantity INTEGER, FOREIGN KEY (order_id) REFERENCES orders(id), FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES products(id) ); ``` **Transactions and Data Integrity** * Understanding transactions and SQLite's ACID properties. * Using `BEGIN TRANSACTION`, `COMMIT`, and `ROLLBACK` to manage transactions. Example: Managing data consistency with transactions. ```sql -- Manage data consistency with transactions BEGIN TRANSACTION; INSERT INTO orders (customer_id, order_date) VALUES (1, '2022-01-01'); INSERT INTO order_items (order_id, product_id, quantity) VALUES (1, 1, 2); COMMIT; ``` As we conclude this review, it's essential to reinforce your understanding by practicing and applying these concepts to real-world scenarios. You can access the SQLite documentation for more information: [https://www.sqlite.org/docs.html](https://www.sqlite.org/docs.html). Your feedback and questions are valuable in helping us improve the course. Please leave a comment or ask for help if you have any questions or concerns. In the next topic, we will cover best practices for designing, querying, and managing SQLite databases. This topic will help you solidify your understanding of SQLite and prepare you for the final project.